Common Names
Spiny
coriander, false coriander, Mexican coriander, spiritweed (En); chardon étoile,
panicaut fétide, coulante (Fr); culantro, chadron benee, alcapate (Sp).
Eryngium
foetidum is a tropical perennial and annual herb in the family Apiaceae. Its
scientific Latin name literally translates as "foul-smelling
thistle". Common names include culantro, Mexican coriander and long
coriander. It is native to Mexico and South America, but is cultivated
worldwide. In the United States, where it is not well known outside Latino and
Caribbean communities, the name culantro sometimes causes confusion with
Coriandrum sativum (also in Apiaceae), the leaves of which are known as
cilantro, and of which culantro is said to taste like a stronger version.
Edible
Parts
Aromatic
leaves with strong coriander-like scent are used fresh or dried in soup, noodle
dishes, and curries, or mixed with other vegetables to make spicy sauces and
salsa.
Health
Values
Beta-carotene:
high; riboflavin: high; ascorbic acid: medium; calcium: low; iron: medium;
protein: 3.3%. Leaves contain also phytosterols, and aliphatic aldehydes
(essential oil).
E. foetidum
has been used in traditional medicine for burns, earache, fevers, hypertension,
constipation, fits, asthma, stomachache, worms, infertility complications,
snake bites, diarrhea, and malaria.
Eryngium
foetidum is also known as E. antihystericum. The specific name antihystericum
reflects the fact that this plant has traditionally been used for epilepsy. The
plant is said to calm a person's 'spirit' and thus prevents epileptic 'fits',
so is known by the common names spiritweed and fitweed. The anticonvulsant
properties of this plant have been scientifically investigated. A decoction of
the leaves has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in
rats.
Eryngial is
a chemical compound isolated from E. foetidum. The University of the West
Indies at Mona, Jamaica, has investigated the use of enyngial as a treatment
for human Strongyloides stercoralis infection (strongyloidiasis).
It is used
as an ethno-medicinal plant for the treatment of a number of ailments such as
fevers, chills, vomiting, burns, fevers, hypertension, headache, earache,
stomachache, asthma, arthritis, snake bites, scorpion stings, diarrhea, malaria
and epilepsy.[medical citation needed] The main constituent of essential oil of
the plant is eryngial (E-2-dodecenal). Pharmacological investigations
have
demonstrated anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-convulsant,
anti-clastogenic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-bacterial activity.
In
Bangladesh, People of Hill Tracts produce this on commercial basis. This year,
they had a bumper crops.
Sawtooth
Coriander (Eryngium foetidum) also called Thai Coriander, or Pointed Cilantro,
Cilentro, Culantro, Thorny Coriander, Ngo Gai, Mexican Coriander, Phak Chee
Farang, Daunketumbar Jawa, Chinese Coriander, and Long Leafed Coriander. It
belongs to the Apiaceae, like the species listed above; is a biennial to
30-50cm, propagated by seed, sprinkled on top of the soil. Large oblong leaves
form as a rosette.
The edge of
the leaves are prominently serrated, hence its name, sawtooth coriander. Spiky
erect green flower heads form from the centre of the plant, and little raised
oval seed heads form in the centre, turning from yellow to brown when mature.
If you like the flavour of coriander but have trouble growing the annual
species, then sawtooth coriander will give you pleasure to grow and use. The
smell and taste is very similar. Sawtooth coriander leaves have good potential
for drying as it does retain flavour whereas the annual coriander does not keep
its flavour when dried.
This herb is
not as delicate as cilantro so it has added benefits. Unlike cilantro, culantro
retains flavor better when it is dried and it can also be frozen. Culantro and
or cilantro are used in the preparation of sofrito, a type of cooked seasoning
used in Caribbean cuisine, in particular Puerto Rico. Culantro is known as yuen
sai in Cantonese; dhania in Hindi; ngo in Vietnamese and pak chee in Thai.
The
Nutritional Value of Cilantro: Cilantro is extremely nutritious and because it
contains almost no calories it is often included in diet recipes. Fresh
cilantro is far more nutritious than dried and coriander seeds contain more
minerals than leaf. Cilantro is an excellent source of vitamin A or beta
carotene. It is also a source of vitamin’s B and C. This herb has a high
mineral content which includes, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and
iron. Both Culantro and cilantro contain vitamin A, although culantro is a
better source of the vitamin, with 10,460 IU per 100 grams. The same amount of
cilantro contains about 7,000 IU.
Cilantro and
culantro are both sources of the antioxidant rich phytochemicals, also found in
spinach, known as lutein and zeaxathin. Studies have demonstrated that a diet
rich in the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin can help protect the skin against
UVB photo-aging and also skin cancer. Both phytochemicals have
anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which are primarily important for
eye health, and may help protect against cataracts. Both culantro and cilantro
are considered medicinal for diabetics and are used for detoxification.
Herbs:
Vietnamese Coriander, Cilantro and Culantro; History, Culinary Uses and
Nutrition
Coriandrum
sativum is a highly aromatic, herbaceous plant, from the Umbelliferae
botanical
family, commonly known in Europe and Asia as fresh coriander, although it is
known as cilantro or Chinese parsley in the USA and Latin America. This plant,
related to caraway and anise, produces tiny brown seeds that are considered
among the world’s oldest spices. Coriander is nutritious, low calorie, and
historically has been used in folk medicine to treat a variety of ailments.
The history
of coriander can be traced back over 5000 years since the herb was first
mentioned in Sanskrit, the ancient language of India and Persia. The ancient
Egyptians were know to have cultivated cilantro for medicinal purposes, as a
spice, and for perfume. Coriander seeds were found in tomb of King
Tutankhamen's and other tombs, where they were placed to aid the digestion of
those in the afterlife. Medicinally, the ancient Egyptians used the herb to
treat stomach problems, urinary tract infections, headaches, gastric complaints
and digestive problems.
The ancient
Greeks also valued cilantro as a remedy, from about 1400 B.C, and its believed
the word coriander is derived from the Greek word koros, meaning bug; the
strong smell of coriander leaves has been likened to that of bed bugs. The
ancient Greek physician Hippocrates prescribed coriander seeds to cure
flatulence around 400 B.C and the Romans used cilantro for a wide variety of
purposes, including as a marinade to preserve meat, and as a spice. It is also
thought that cilantro was grown in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, from about
600 B.C, primarily for its fragrance.
Queen
Elizabeth I (1533-1603) favorite scent was lavender, and her favorite treat was
said to have been sweets made from coriander seeds covered in hard candy.
Cilantro has
been widely used in traditional Chinese and Asian folk medicine. According to a
Chinese custom, those who eat coriander seeds can obtain internal life. The
herb is less utilized in western cuisine, mainly because some people dislike
its aroma and taste. However in Latin America and Asia, cilantro is an
integral, practically indispensable part of food
preparation. Moreover, it is a
utilitarian herb; every part of this plant, leaf, flower, seed, stem and root
is used; nothing goes to waste. The big difference is that in Southeast Asia,
herbs, like vegetables, are part of the meal and not just a flavoring.
Although
cilantro is native to Europe, in particular the Mediterranean, there are a
number of herbs, which, although they look different, are considered, to all
intents and purposes, cilantro mimics. Herbs native to the tropics like
Vietnamese coriander and culantro are interchangeable with cilantro.
Rau Ram or
Vietnamese Coriander (Persicaria odorata): Rau ram, or phak phai as it is known
in Thailand, is an evergreen perennial with tiny white flowers, that is native
to South East Asia. The leaves of this plant have a similar, yet milder flavor
than cilantro. The more mature plant leaves also have a hint of lemon flavor.
Rau rau is used as a
condiment and is a basic ingredient in the Vietnamese soup
known as pho. Pho is low calorie and nutritious; a typical bowl of the soup
contains about 650 calories. Vietnamese coriander is also used in stir fry’s,
salads and as a garnish.
Culantro is
relatively unknown in the United States, and it is often mistaken for its
cousin cilantro, another herb often found in a bowl of pho. However, for all
their similarities, culantro and cilantro are two entirely different herbs.
What is
culantro and just how different is it from cilantro? How important is culantro to a bowl of pho?
Let's dig a little deeper.
So What
Is Culantro?
CulantroCulantro
is actually the Spanish name of an herb in the parsley family that
bears the
scientific name Eryngium foetidum and has long leaves edged with spines. This
herb has many other names, such as: fitweed, saw leaf, sawtooth, recao, Mexican
coriander, long coriander, serrated coriander and shado beni, among many
others. In Vietnam, culantro is known as ngo gai (ngò gai) or thorny coriander.
The culantro
plant often grows as a small plant in roseate formation, and its leaves are
elongated, growing from between four to eight inches long. The plant does not
thrive in frost or under direct sunlight, although it is possible to find wild
culantro growing in open, sunlit areas.
Culantro is
actually a native plant of Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
Colonization and trading are largely responsible for introducing culantro to
the rest of the world, particularly to India and Southeast Asia. However, as
mentioned above, culantro is practically unknown in the United States, where it
is often mistaken for cilantro.
Comparison
with Other Corianders
The reason
why culantro is often mistaken for cilantro is because they share similar
smell
and taste to the uninitiated. Just like cilantro, culantro has a pungent odor
that can be reminiscent of crushed bedbugs. Some people are fine with such a
smell, but some people can barely stand it. In addition to the smell, both
culantro and cilantro have a bitter, soapy taste, although this flavor is
stronger in culantro.
But that is
where the similarities end. Although they both belong to the parsley family,
cilantro has smaller leaves than culantro. Cilantro leaves are also lacy rather
than thorny as in the case of culantro.
Culantro is
also sometimes compared to the Vietnamese coriander, another popular herb used
in Southeast Asian cuisine. Vietnamese coriander also has long leaves, but its
stems are knotty and knobby. Also known as laksa leaves, Vietnamese coriander
is also more fragrant than culantro.
The Role
of Culantro in Pho
Pho
garnishes and condimentsCulantro is an optional garnish in Vietnamese pho, along
with the bean sprouts, lime wedges, chopped Asian chili and Thai basil. When
you eat a bowl of pho, it is up to you to put culantro in your bowl or not.
Some people actually choose not to add the herb in their pho because the smell
can be too strong and the taste too bitter.
The herb
nonetheless helps balances out the flavors in pho. Vietnamese cooking is highly
influenced by Chinese cuisine, and among the principles followed in Chinese
cuisine that the Vietnamese themselves have adopted is the principle of
balance. In this principle, the five flavors of food - salty, sour, sweet,
bitter and spicy - should be present in each dish. But these flavors should not
compete with one another; instead, they should exist harmoniously and lend to
complex layers of taste.
Culantro
literally acts out a bitter role in pho. However, there is already a bitter
element in every bowl of pho as provided by the chopped cilantro/scallion mix
sprinkled over the noodle-and-meat assembly in the bowl. But because the
cilantro and scallion are normally already cooked by the scalding broth by the
time the bowl of pho is served at the table, Culantro then plays the role of
the fresh and raw bitterness as chosen by the diner. It is meant to enhance the
bitter layer in the flavor of pho and to give the broth a stronger zing, if
that is what the diner wants in his or her pho.
Chicken pho
(Pho Ga) recipe
Ingredients:
1 whole
free-range chicken (the better the chicken, the more superior the stock), about
1.5 kg (3-4lbs)
additional
chicken bones (I used some chicken feet and neck and also an extra 2 whole rib
bones)
2 large
yellow onions, skin removed
3 inches
ginger, skin removed
3-4 star
anise
3-4 cloves
1 inch stick
of cinnamon (thank you White on Rice couple for providing us with authentic
Vietnamese cinnamon)
1-2 black
cardamom pods, slightly pounded to allow flavors to be released
15 cups
water
2 Tbsp salt
3 Tbsp fish
sauce
1 inch chunk
rock sugar
1 tsp
chicken bouillon
1 tsp ground
black pepper
Garnishes:
2 cups
beansprouts (I err on the side of more in case some people like more sprouts in
their bowl, whatever is leftover can be used in a stirfry or in making
Vietnamese summer rolls later)
1 bunch Thai
basil, washed
8 sawtooth
herb leaves (optional)
2 limes,
quartered 1 Jalapeno
chilli, sliced
4-5 green
onions, diced
Hoisin sauce
and Sriracha sauce on the side
1 kg (about
2 lbs) fresh pho noodles (koay teow noodles) or a packet of dried rice noodles
that have been softened in hot water
Method:
1. Char the
onions and ginger over an open flame till they have dark brown bits all over.
Do the same with the star anise, cloves, cinnamon, and cardamom (I just hold it
with my tongs under the fire for a few seconds).
Charred
Onion, Ginger, Cinnamon, Star Anise, Black Cardamom, Cloves
roasted
aromatics for pho
2. Put the
charred aromatics into a large pot with the chicken, chicken bones and water.
chicken and
aromatics for pho
3. Bring to
a boil. Skim off the scum that has risen to the top. Turn fire down to low and
let simmer for about 2 1/2 to 3 hours.
skimming pho
broth
4. About
30-40 minutes into the simmer, take out whole chicken and rinse in cold water
to stop cooking. Drain and let it dry and cool. When cool enough to handle,
remove wings, legs, thighs and cut off the breast meat. Return the rib carcass
to the stock pot. Place the meats (uncut) on a platter and keep cool until
needed.
boiled
chicken
5. Clean and
wash beansprouts, sawtooth leaf herb, and Thai basil. Prepare plate with the
garnishes, green onions, lime wedges and chillies, if using.
Garnishes
for Pho: Thai Basil, Bean Sprouts, Sawtooth Herb, Lime Wedges
Garnishes
for Pho: Thai Basil, Bean Sprouts, Sawtooth Herb, Lime Wedges
6. Prepare
noodles (wash with cold water if using fresh noodles, and soften dried noodles
in hot water).
7. Slice
chicken into bite sized pieces. Remove dark meat from bone.
8. When
ready to eat, taste broth and adjust seasonings if needed. Remember that the
stock should be strongly flavored (it should have a nice saltiness with an
underlying sweetness). Put in freshly ground black pepper and bring stock back
to a rolling boil.
9. Assemble
bowl: place noodles, sprouts, herbs and chicken on the bowl. Ladle hot stock
into bowl and then drain back into stock pot, without letting the other
ingredients fall in (use a slotted spoon to hold them back). Re-ladle stock
into soup bowl. Finish with a handful of green onions.
10. Squirt
lime and add chillies to individual taste.
Pho Ga:
Chicken Pho Noodle Soup
pho ga
chicken pho
Go Pho It!
(i.e. Enjoy)
vegetable
soup
Ingredients
1 litre
water
2 lemongrass
stalks
1 dried
fermented soybean sheet
1 tsp salt
2 red
chillies
4 baby
eggplant, quartered
handful
chicken eye eggplant
1 Japanese
eggplant, sliced into 2 cm pieces
1 carrot,
cut into 1cm pieces
handful of
choko leaves
handful of
cortenia leaves (sweet leaf)
handful of
bohemia (heart leaf) leaves
handful of
safflower leaves
1 ridged
gourd, cut into 2cm pieces
4 sawtooth
coriander leaves, sliced
1 x 4 cm piece
of ginger, peeled, pounde
Instructions
Place 1
litre of water in a large pot over high heat. Bring to the boil.
Smash the
lemongrass with a cleaver, then tie into a knot. Add this to the boiling water.
Place the
soybean sheet, salt and chillies in a mortar and pestle. Pound well and add to
the saucepan.
Once boiled,
add all the eggplants and carrot, and boil for 3 minutes. Add the choko,
cortenia, Bohemia and safflower leaves, and simmer for 2 minutes. Add the
gourd. Transfer the soup to a bowl.
Add the
sawtooth coriander and ginger to serve.
Potato
Stir-Fry with Mint & Cilantro
Ingredients
:
2 lb. red
potatoes (about 6 medium), peeled and cut into 3/4-inch cubes (about 5 cups)
3 Tbs.
canola oil
1 Tbs.
yellow mustard seeds
24 curry
leaves (optional)
1 small
whole dried red chile
2 tsp.
ground coriander
2 tsp. cumin
seeds
1/2 tsp.
ground turmeric
2 medium
cloves garlic, minced
1 jalapeño
(seeds and ribs removed if you prefer a milder flavor), finely chopped
1 medium red
onion, finely chopped
2 tsp.
kosher salt; more to taste
1/2 tsp.
cayenne (optional)
2/3 cup
fresh mint leaves, finely chopped
1/2 cup
loosely packed fresh cilantro sprigs, finely chopped
Juice of 1/2
lemon (1 to 2 Tbs.)
Preparation
:
Put the
potatoes in a medium bowl, cover with cool water, and set aside.
Heat the
canola oil and the mustard seeds in a large wok or 12-inch skillet over
medium-high heat until the mustard seeds start to sizzle and pop, 1 to 2
minutes (use a splatter screen, if you have one, so the seeds don’t pop out of
the pan). Add the curry leaves (if using), chile, coriander, cumin seeds, and
turmeric and cook, stirring occasionally, until the cumin browns and the curry
leaves are crisp, 1 to 1-1/2 minutes. Stir in the garlic and jalapeño and cook until
the garlic is fragrant, about 30 seconds.
Drain the
potatoes and add them to the pan along with the onions. Cook, stirring
occasionally, until the potatoes are translucent around the edges, 2 to 3
minutes. Cover, reduce the heat to medium-low, and cook, stirring and scraping
the bottom of the pan every 5 minutes, until the potatoes are just tender, 12
to 15 minutes. (Reduce the heat to low if the potatoes seem to be burning.)
Add the salt
and cayenne (if using) and cook for 30 seconds. Stir in the mint, cilantro, and
lemon juice, cover the pan, and let the potatoes sit off the heat for 10
minutes. Scrape up the browned bits and stir them into the potatoes. Taste, add
more salt if needed, and serve.
nutrition
information (per serving):
Size : based
on six servings, Calories (kcal): 220, Fat (kcal): 8, Fat Calories (g): 70,
Saturated Fat (g): 0.5, Protein (g): 4, Monounsaturated Fat (g): 4.5,
Carbohydrates (mg): 35, Polyunsaturated Fat (mg): 2.5, Sodium (g): 390,
Cholesterol (g): 0, Fiber (g): 5,
Culantro
Pesto Recipe
INGREDIENTS
2 cups,
packed, of culantro, large stems removed
1/2 cup
blanched almonds
1/4 cup
chopped red onion
1/2 teaspoon
chopped and seeded serrano chile
1 teaspoon
Kosher salt
1/4 cup
olive oil
Method
In a food
processor, pulse the culantro, almonds, onion, chile, and salt until well
blended. With the food processor running, slowly add the olive oil in a steady
stream.
Add more oil
as needed for your use.
Makes about
1 cup.
Whatever you
don't use, you can freeze. Line a ice cube tray with plastic wrap and fill in
the individual cube spaces with the pesto. Freeze and remove from the ice tray,
put in a sealed freezer bag for future use.